📚 Node [[commons]]

📓 commons.md (text) by @flancian ️本 📝

a [[place]].
- #pull [[elinor ostrom]]
- alternatively, a [[device]].
  - The [[Agora of Flancia]] is a [[knowledge commons]].
  - #go https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commons
  - In all matters pertaining the Commons I consider [[doubleloop]] ~ [[@neil]] the steward of this Agora.
- The following picks from his notes below: - "beyond [[market]] and [[state]]" - I sometimes think of them as [[embedding]] and thus potentially [[regulating]] markets. - recommended [[free, fair and alive]], it's great. from his notes below: - [[commons]] are [[social organisms]], [[social systems]], [[social forms]] - a [[commons]] is not only about [[sharing]] but about creating [[systems]] that produce [[shareable things]] - they enable [[self organized problem solving]] - through social processes that build on the sharing of knowledge and physical resources - they are [[spaces]] that are born out of the impulse to [[help others]] - they bring together solutions to social, political and economic challenges into an integrated whole - [[pull]] [[commoning]] [[ontology]]
  - [[vera]] (from wiki below)
    - "The commons is the cultural and natural [[resources]] [[accessible to all]] members of a society, including natural materials such as air, water, and a habitable earth. These resources are held in common, [[not owned privately]]."
    - [[pragmatix]]
    - [[garrett hardin]]
    - [[1968]] [[the tragedy of the commons]]
    - [[1833]] [[william forster lloyd]] herders overusing land
    - [[tragedy of the fishers]]
    - [[frank van laerhoven]] and [[elinor ostrom]]: Hardin essentially invented the term commons
    - of course Ostrom's work shows there are ways to avert this tragedy all around us
    - in Britain, land [[enclosure]] worked over centuries to erode the commons
    - [[peter barnes]] [[sky trust]]
    - [[notable theoreists]] list is a banger
    - [[contemporary commons movements]] too
  - [[there is no commons without commoning]]
  - [[international journal of the commons]]
  - #pull [[frontiers of commoning]]
a [[list]].
- add items by #pushing here or write in the default [[stoa]] in this Agora node.
- [[an agora]].

📓 commons.md (text) by @vera

Commons are highly money efficient, as [[Wolfgang Sachs]] once pointed out. They enable us to become less reliant on money, and therefore more free from the structural coercion of markets.
Moreover, the [[guifi]] experience shows that it is entirely possible to build “large-scale, locally owned, broadband infrastructure in more locations than telco [telephone company] incumbents,” as open technology advocate [[Sascha Meinrath]] put it.16 The mutualizing of costs and benefits in a commons regime has a lot to do with this success.
Everyone is familiar with the “free market” even though its variations — stock markets, grocery stores, filmmaking, mining, personal services, labor — are at least as eclectic as the commons. But culturally, we regard the diversity of markets as normal whereas commons are nearly invisible.
This task becomes easier once we realize that there is no single, universal template for assessing a commons. Each bears the distinctive marks of its own special origins, culture, people, and context.
Why do so many discussions about commons rely on economic categories of analysis (“types of goods,” “resource allocation,” “productivity,” “transaction costs”) when commons are primarily social systems for meeting shared needs? This question propelled us on a process to reconceptualize in its fullest sense what it means to engage in commoning.

📓 commons.md (text) by @neil ️本 📝

Commons

[[I like commons]].

In a nutshell: 'a commons' is a shared thing between a bunch of people that they actively maintain together.

The idea is that they are "beyond market and state".

Commons can be found in all kinds of walks of life - the environment (grazing lands, fisheries, community forests), culture, digital realm, knowledge commons.

There's a lot to unpack. My favourite book on commons and commoning is [[Free, Fair and Alive]].

The logic of the commons is the logic of a common humanity that has realized that all humans should be equal participants and beneficiaries in society (see Dyer-Witheford 1999, 2007, 2009; Fuchs 2011b; Hardt and Negri 2009; Žižek 2010).

– [[Social Media: A Critical Introduction]]

What is a commons?

Also what's the difference between 'the Commons' and 'a commons'?

The Commons is a means of provisioning and governance that generally doesn't need the permission of legislatures or courts to move forward.

– [[David Bollier]], [[Stir to Action]] Issue 30

The commons are cared for by the those that directly inhabit and gain from its wealth.

– [[Seeding the Wild]]

Despite vivid differences among commons focused on natural resources, digital systems, and social mutuality, they all share structural and social similarities.

– [[Free, Fair and Alive]]

So instead of conceiving of commons as closed systems of common property managed by a “club,” it is more productive to see them as social organisms who, thanks to their [[semi-permeable membrane]]s, can interact with larger forces of life — communities, ecosystems, other commons.

– [[Free, Fair and Alive]]

The commons is not simply about “sharing,” as it happens in countless areas of life. It is about sharing and bringing into being durable social systems for producing shareable things and activities.

– [[Free, Fair and Alive]]

Commons are living social systems through which people address their shared problems in self-organized ways.

– [[Free, Fair and Alive]]

The commons is a robust class of self-organized social practices for meeting needs in fair, inclusive ways.

– [[Free, Fair and Alive]]

Each commons depends on social processes, the sharing of knowledge, and physical resources. Each shares challenges in bringing together the social, the political (governance), and the economic (provisioning) into an integrated whole.

– [[Free, Fair and Alive]]

The elemental human impulse that we are born with — to help others, to improve existing practices — ripens into a stable social form with countless variations: a commons.

– [[Free, Fair and Alive]]

How big is a commons?

In a commons, the resource can be small and serve a tiny group (the family refrigerator), it can be community-level (sidewalks, playgrounds, libraries, and so on), or it can extend to international and global levels (deep seas, the atmosphere, the Internet, and scientific knowledge).

– [[Understanding Knowledge as a Commons]]

The commons can be well bounded (a community park or library); transboundary (the Danube River, migrating wildlife, the Internet); or without clear boundaries (knowledge, the ozone layer).

– [[Understanding Knowledge as a Commons]]

Why?

the commons is not just about small-scale projects for improving everyday life. It is a germinal vision for reimagining our future together and reinventing social organization, economics, infrastructure, politics, and state power itself.

– [[Free, Fair and Alive]]

The commons is a social form that enables people to enjoy freedom without repressing others, enact fairness without bureaucratic control, foster togetherness without compulsion, and assert sovereignty without nationalism.

– [[Free, Fair and Alive]]

A commons … gives community life a clear focus. It depends on democracy in its truest form. It destroys inequality. It provides an incentive to protect the living world. It creates, in sum, a politics of belonging.”

– [[Free, Fair and Alive]]

The virtue of the commons as a mode of thought and action isn’t simply that it provides for the scaled management of pooled resources, but that it spurs us to envision a way of life founded in interdependence, mutuality and shared responsibility for the outcomes experienced by others. Any situation organized in this way offers us a way to get outside of ourselves, a scaffolding for the development of intersubjectivity.

– [[Radical Technologies]]

Where market logics generally seek to collectivize risk and privatize gain, adherents to the principles of the commons believe that the greatest degree of sustainable benefit is derived from resources when they are held jointly, and managed democratically for the good of all.

– [[Radical Technologies]]

Politics of it

The world of commoning represents a profound challenge to capitalism because it is based on a very different ontology.

– [[Free, Fair and Alive]]

Difficulties for commons

Potential problems in the use, governance, and sustainability of a commons can be caused by some characteristic human behaviors that lead to social dilemmas such as competition for use, free riding, and over- harvesting. Typical threats to knowledge commons are commodification or enclosure, pollution and degradation, and nonsustainability.

– [[Understanding Knowledge as a Commons]]

[[Elinor Ostrom]]
[[Commons-based peer production]]
[[a re-commonification of welfare systems]]

📓 Commons.md (text) by @protopian

The Commons

At it's core, the commons is what exists amidst a group.

History of humans is entwined with the commons.

Language
Community
(Some) Innovations
Infrastructure
Culture
Defense/Protection
Family

Family units, helping children. Forming small groups, communities, cities.

Cities:

public services
public safety
(some) healthcare

Family Sharing of ideas

We have the world at our fingertips. Access to most all knowledge.

The space between through which one benefits without necessarily contributing
Examples
- Town squares
- Environment
- [[Knowledge Commons]]
- Group Projects
- Safety

-[[Intellectual Property]]

📓 commons.md (text) by @vera.wiki.anagora.org

The commons is the cultural and natural resources accessible to all members of a society, including natural materials such as air, water, and a habitable earth. These resources are held in common, not owned privately - [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commons wikipedia]

pull target='_blank'>

Sustainable development [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Sustainable_development.svg - wikimedia]

Federated Commons

Here we research the [[pragmatix]] of building a [[federated commons]]. This form of architecture has emerged from work on [[federated wiki]], alongside social groups in many countries (particularly [[DIEM25]]).

We do not have a lot of research on this topic of a [[federated architecture]] suitable for the commons.

Modern Use

The definition from the [[Digital Library of the Commons]] is;

"the commons is a general term for shared resources in which each stakeholder has an equal interest"

The term "commons" derives from the traditional English legal term for [[common land]], which are also known as "commons", and was popularised in the modern sense as a shared resource term by the ecologist [[Garrett Hardin]] in an influential 1968 article called [[The Tragedy of the Commons]].

As Frank van Laerhoven & [[Elinor Ostrom]] have stated; "Prior to the publication of Hardin’s article on the tragedy of the commons (1968), titles containing the words ‘the commons,’ ‘common pool resources,’ or ‘common property’ were very rare in the academic literature" - [https://www.thecommonsjournal.org/articles/abstract/10.18352/ijc.76/ thecommonsjournal.org]

Types of commons

[[Environmental Commons]]

European land use
Mongolian grasslands
Lobster fishery of Maine
Community forests in Nepal
Irrigation systems of New Mexico

[[Cultural Commons]]
[[Digital Commons]]

Economic theories

Tragedy of the commons

A commons failure theory, now called [[tragedy of the commons]], originated in the 18th century. In 1833 [[William Forster Lloyd]] introduced the concept by a hypothetical example of herders overusing a shared parcel of land on which they are each entitled to let their cows graze, to the detriment of all users of the common land - [http://www.jstor.org/stable/1972412 jstor]

The same concept has been called the "tragedy of the fishers", when over-fishing could cause stocks to plummet.

It has been said the dissolution of the traditional land commons played a watershed role in landscape development and cooperative land use patterns and property rights. However, as in the British Isles, such changes took place over several centuries as a result of land [[enclosure]].

Economist Peter Barnes has proposed a 'sky trust' to fix this tragedic problem in worldwide generic commons. He claims that the sky belongs to all the people, and companies do not have a right to over pollute. It is a type of cap and dividend program. Ultimately the goal would be to make polluting excessively more expensive than cleaning what is being put back into the atmosphere.

Successful commons

While the original work on the tragedy of the commons concept suggested that all commons were doomed to failure, they are still extremely important in the modern world.

Work by later economists has found many examples of very successful commons and [[Elinor Ostrom]] won the [[Nobel prize]] for analysing situations where they operate successfully.

For example, Ostrom found that grazing commons in the [[Swiss Alps]] have been run successfully for many hundreds of years by the farmers there - [http://www.npr.org/sections/money/2012/06/12/154872185/remembering-elinor-ostrom-nobel-laureate npr.org]

Allied to this is the [[Comedy of the Commons]] concept, where very often users of the commons are able to develop mechanisms to police their use to maintain and even improve the state of the commons. This term was coined in an essay by legal scholar, Carol M. Rose, in 1986.

Other related concepts are the [[Inverse Commons]], [[Cornucupia of the Commons]], [[Triumph of the Commons]] in the cornucupia of the commons, some types of commons, such as open source software, work better as in those cases.

"the grass grows taller when it is grazed on"

[[The Cathedral & the Bazaar]]: by Eric Raymond

Notable theorists

Peter Barnes ([[Peter Barnes (entrepreneur)]])
[[Yochai Benkler]]
[[David Bollier]]
[[Iain Boal]]
[[George Caffentzis]]
[[Barry Commoner]]
[[Silvia Federici]]
[[Henry George]]
[[Garrett Hardin]]
[[Michael Hardt]]
David Harvey ([[David Harvey (geographer)]])
[[Lewis Hyde]]
[[Lawrence Lessig]]
[[Peter Linebaugh]]
[[Karl Linn]]
[[William Forster Lloyd]]
[[William Morris]]
[[Antonio Negri]]
[[Elinor Ostrom]]
[[Raj Patel]]
John Platt (see [[Social trap]])
[[Joachim Radkau]]
[[Kenneth Rexroth]]
[[Jonathan Rowe]]
[[Gerrard Winstanley]]

Historical land commons movements

The [[Diggers]]
[[Kett's Rebellion]]

Contemporary commons movements